Mongols

In various times Mongols feel been equated with the Scythians, the Magog and the Turkic peoples. Based on Chinese historical texts the ancestry of the Mongol peoples lot be traced back to the Donghu, a erratic confederation occupying eastern Mongolia and Manchuria. The identity of the Xiongnu is silence debated today. Although some scholars principal(prenominal)tain that they were proto-Mongols, the fact that Chinese histories trace certain Turkic common peoples from the Xiongnu complicates the issue. 10 The Donghu, however, skunk be much more well labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace only Mongolic tribes and kingdoms (Xianbei and Wuhuan peoples) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes (e. g. the Khitan). 11 The Donghu be mentioned by Sima Qian as already animate in versed Mongolia north of the express of Yan in 699-632 BC. Mentions in the Lost book of Zhou (Yizhoushu) and the Shanhaijing indicate the Donghu were also restless during the Shang dynasty (16001046 BC).The Mongolic-speaking Xianbei formed part of the Donghu confederation, but had origin all in ally times of independence, as evidenced by a mention in the Guoyu (??? section) which states that during the die hard of King C chickg of Zhou (reigned 10421021 BC) the Xianbei came to participate at a meeting of Zhou subject-lords at Qiyang (?? ) (now Qishan County) but were only allowed to perform the can ceremony beneath(a) the supervision of Chu (? ), since they were not vassals by covenant (?? ).The Xianbei chieftain was appointive joint guardian of the ritual blowtorch along with Xiong Yi. These early Xianbei came from the snuggleby Zhukaigou kitchen-gardening (2200-1500BC) in the Ordos Desert where maternal deoxyribonucleic acid corresponds to Mongolic Daurs and Evenks (Tungusified Xianbei). The Zhukaigou Xianbei (part of the Ordos culture of Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi) had plow relations with the Shang dynasty (1600-1046BC). The Zhou clan lived near the Beidi (who included the Xianbei) for 14 generations before piteous to the Central Plains in middle Shaanxi to a lower place Gugong Danfu).Another closely connected core Mongolic Xianbei portion was the Upper Xiajiadian culture (1000-600 BC) where the Donghu confederation was centered. later the Donghu were defeated by Modu Chanyu the Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. Tadun caravanserai of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi. 12 In 49 AD the Mongolic Xianbei ruler Bianhe (Bayan Khan? ) raided and defeated the Xiongnu, killing 2000, afterwards having received open-hearted gifts from Emperor Guangwu of Han.The Xianbei reached their peak under Tanshihuai Khan (reigned 156-181) who expanded the vast, but short lived, Xianbei state. Xianbei empire under Tanshihuai (141-181) Three cock-a-hoop proto-Mongol groups take apart from the Xianbei, as rec orded by the Chinese histories the Nirun (claimed by some to be the Avars), the Khitan and the Shiwei (a sub-tribe called the Shiwei Menggu is held to be the origin of the Genghisid Mongols). 13 Besides these three Xianbei groups, thither were other Xianbei groups with Mongolic affiliation such as the Murong, Duan and Tuoba.Their culture was nomadic, their religion Shamanism or Buddhism and their military strength formidable. There is hitherto no come up to evidence that the Nirun spoke a Mongolic language, although most scholars agree that they were proto-Mongolic. 14 The Khitan, however, had deuce scripts of their own and many Mongolic words be found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a check Chinese text (for example, nair=sun, sair=moon, tau=five, jau=hundred, m. r=horse, im. a=goat, n. q=dog, m. ng=silver, ju. un=summer, n. m. ur=autumn, u. ul=winter, heu. ur=spring, tau. l. a=rabbit, t. q. a=hen and m. g. o=snake). 15 There is no dubiety regard ing the Khitan being proto-Mongol. 16 Asia in 500 AD, viewing the Nirun (Juan-Juan) Empire and its neighbors Geographically the Tuoba Xianbei ruled Inner Mongolia and northern China, the Nirun (Yujiulu Shelun was the first to use the statute title Khagan in 402) ruled Outer Mongolia, the Khitan were voiceless in Southern Manchuria north of Korea and the Shiwei were located to the north of the Khitan.These tribes and kingdoms were soon overshadowed by the encouragement of the Gok-Turks in 555, the Uyghurs in 745 and the Yenisei Kirghizs in 840. The Tuoba were last absorbed into China. The Rouran fled westbound from the Gok-Turks and either disappeared into lowliness or, as some say, invaded Europe as the Avars under their Khan Bayan I. Some Rouran under Tatar Khan migrated east foundation the Tatar tribes, who became part of the Shiwei. The Khitan, who were supreme after their separation from the proto-Mongol Kumo Xi (ofWuhuan origin) in 388 AD, proceed as a minor index nu mber in Manchuria until one of them, Abaoji (872-926), established the Khitan Liao Dynasty (907-1125). The Khitan fled west after their defeat by the Tungusic Jurchens (later cognize as Manchus) and founded the Kara-Khitan or Western Liao dynasty (11251218) in eastern Kazakhstan. In 1218 Genghis Khan washed-up the Kara-Khitan Kingdom after which the Khitan passed into obscurity. The modern-day minority of Mongolic-speaking Daurs in China are their direct descendants based on deoxyribonucleic acid evidence. 1718 The Shiwei included a tribe called the Shiwei Menggu. 19 Bodonchar Munkhag (Chagatai tradition dates Buzanjar Munqaq to the rebellion of Abu Muslim or 747 AD. 20) the separate of the House of Borjigin and the ancestor of Genghis Khan is held to be descended from the Shiwei Menggu. The early Shiwei paid tribute to the Tuoba Wei (386-534) and submitted to the Khitans. later the Khitans left Mongolia the Shiwei Mongols rose to prominence, when from the 1130s there were i n return hostile relations between the serial khans of the Khamag Mongol confederation (Khaidu, Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan) and the emperors of the Jin dynasty.With the elaboration of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols settled over more or less all Eurasia and carried on military campaigns from the Adriatic ocean to Java and from Japan to Palestine. Mongols simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, big(p) Khans of Mongolia and one Mongol even became sultan of Egypt (Al-Adil Kitbugha). The Mongols of the Golden Horde established themselves to rule Russia by 1240. 21 By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. 21 With the breakup of the Empire, the dispersed Mongols readily adopted the mostly Turkic cultures touch them and were assimilated, forming parts of Tatars (not confused with a tribe in ancient Mongolia), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Yugurs and Moghuls linguistic and heathenish Persianization a lso began to be prominent in these territories. However, most of the Mongols returned to Mongolia, retaining their language and culture. After the evanesce of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368 the Mongols established their independent regime as Northern Yuan.However, the Oirads or Western Mongols began to challenge the Eastern Mongols under the Borjigin monarchs in the late 14th century. current Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks (formerly Oirats) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols. The Khalkha emerged during the reign of Dayan Khan (14641543) as one of the six tumens of the Eastern Mongols. They right away became the dominant Mongol clan in Outer Mongolia.

'Mcdonald’s Healthier Happy Meals Essay\r'

'McDonald’s prosperous Meals for children came under extreme scrutiny when parents, consumer-advocacy roots, and veritable metropolis councils deemed it to be inappropriate to draw children to such an un healthy meal by including a free romance. In November 2011, the San Francisco city council decided to prohibit the addition of toys to meals that did non conform to specific nutritional set (Melnick, 2011). In July 2011 McDonald’s announced that they image to provide their customers with a healthy option.\r\nIn order to successfully progress these changes McDonald’s hired a research group to conduct an extensive research and drive home them with a address effective solution. The query Questions The questions the smart set had to look into to resolve this bailiwick was: * How atomic number 50 they make the meals for the children healthy magic spell importanttaining the convenience that luxuriant food is k at present for? * How tin can they cut the calories from their existing meals? * How can they make healthy food suitable to children? * How can they keep these better options cost effective? * What would be the best merchandising strategy to launch these better changes?\r\nThe opening A hypothesis explores a premise or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for besides investigation (Merriam-Webster, 2013). In the exploration to impose a question and find an answer, the company has to face the question: how can they make the meals for the children healthier fleck maintaining the convenience that immediate food is known for? Through the days McDonald’s has added a couple cutting features to their menu like a wider endurance in desserts, a value menu, and read new refreshing healthier choices to their fast food chain.\r\nBut the question now is, how can they further cut the calories from these meals? Yes, McDonald’s has gained a fine respect in the fast foo d industry for upgrading to healthier choices, but now the kids menu whitethorn need some revamping on their own. If the ceaseless menu can provide healthier choice survival of the fittests like salads, less than cd calories, and weight watcher approved items, what can they do about intellectual meals? A solution to providing a healthier selection is to offer a more ripe meal that kids can enjoy.\r\nApple bags, celery sticks, carrots, reduced milk, baked instead of fry items and healthier meat. Those are just a couple of suggestions to an issue that is easy to solve. The main purpose is to change the world hotshot step at a time, and healthier living for is the new road to take. The Variables topical anesthetic societies are becoming more health conscience and looking for healthier options when breathing out out to eat. Even though McDonald’s did not follow the popular woo by luring people in by means of the practise of famous celebrities, people felt that offeri ng toys with their Happy Meals were unacceptable.\r\nThe variables in a research scenario are considered to be case-by-case (IV) and pendant variables (DV). In this research scenario the fissiparous variables are the food and the trade strategy, while the amount of calories and interest of the children are the dependent variables. Many children were attracted to McDonald’s Happy Meals for the toy they got with it and this is what their marketing strategy revolved around. In April 2012, The Time’s released the article â€Å"why we’re eating fewer happy meals”.\r\nThe article’s main focalisation was McDonald’s use of toys with their Happy Meals and the use of a clown who â€Å"is hell-bent on the creepy mission of luring children into McDonald’s, where they’ll be plump out up and primed for a life of regular fast-food dining visits” (Tuttle, 2012, p. 1). Along with modify their Happy Meals, McDonald’s has al so changed their marketing strategy. They still offer the toys but it is no longer their main focal point. or else they now show Ronald McDonald playing around, dynamic in healthy activities and proclaiming that a healthier life style is a mass of fun.\r\n'

'Stage Beauty\r'

'Stage hit â€Å"Stage Beauty” explores the boundaries between reality and performance. It’s the 1660s, and Edward ‘Ned’ Kynaston is England’s most celebrated leading lady. Women argon forbidden to appear on correspond and Ned profits, using his beauty and skill to correct the great female roles his own. But baron Charles II is tired of seeing the homogeneous sr. performers in the same old tragedies. Since no one will take hold him up on his suggestion to emend Othello with a couple of good jokes, he decides to lift the royal palate by allowing real women to tread the boards.\r\nIn a slightly less progressive tonicity, he rules that men may no longish head for the hills women’s parts. I detect it hilarious, that such a prudish nine who are against homosexuality and such things as women acting, will find it ok to view a bunch of men model to be women and having, well not forcible love scenes, just professing amatory poetry to other men. The film, is really to the highest degree two things at once: The business deal of acting, and the bafflement of love.\r\nIt must be state that Ned is not a very convince fair sex onstage although he is jolly enough; he plays a woman as a man would play a woman, lacking the natural simple mindedness of a woman born to a role. Curiously, when Maria takes over his roles, she also copies his gestures, play a woman as a woman might play a man playing a woman. solely gradually does she relax into herself. â€Å"Ive always dislike your Desdemona,” she confesses to Ned. â€Å"You never fight, you only die. ” Ned is most commodious playing a woman both onstage and off.\r\nBut is he man? The question doesn’t precisely amount in that form, since in those days grammatical gender lines were not rigidly enforced, and heterosexuals sometimes indulged their genitals in a U-turn. Certainly Ned has excite the love of Maria his dresser, who envies his art magical spell she lusts for his body. We see her backstage during one of Ned’s rehearsals, mouthing every line and mimicking every gesture; she could play Desdemona herself, and indeed she does one night, in an illicit secret field of operation, even adoption Ned’s costumes.\r\nIt is a cruel change of mind when he finds fame and employment taken from him in an instant, and awarded to Maria. Yet Maria still has feelings for Ned, and rescues him from a bawdy music hall to spirit him off to the country — where their lovemaking has the spurring of a low driving lesson. The flick lacks the effortless charm of many of the movies that I saw like O, and Shakespeare in esteem and its canvas is somewhat less alert with background characters and details. But it has a pathos that â€Å"Shakespeare” lacks, because it is near a real predicament and two people who are try to solve it.\r\nThe London of the time is fragrantly evoked, as horses attend to their needs regardless of whose position they are drawing, and bathing seems a novelty. I wonder if the court of Charles II was sort of as Monty Pythonesque as the movie has it, and if Nell Gwynn was preferably such a bold wench, but the details involving life in the champaign feel real, especially in scenes about the fragility of an actors ego. Poor Ned. â€Å"Shes a star,” the theater owner Thomas Betterton tells Ned about Maria. â€Å"She did what she did first; you did what you did last. â€Å"\r\n'

'Art Renaissance Essay\r'

'How is Corbet’s Burial at Ornans an assault on bourgeois set? -He headst oneed a scene that would normally be taciturn for something religious and was highly controversial during the time. He took a step that went against the bourgeois values by non caring about the class definitions that were socially acceptable. He painted something that he â€Å"shouldn’t” have, but it brought him sec fame. 2. How do Japanese prints influence the whole kit of Degas? †Degas was influenced by Japanese prints in composition and line. He did not paint wowork force in kimonos in his art.\r\n quite a than painting Japanese subjects like his expletive artists he took on Japanese techniques and qualities. 3. What are the impressionists concerned with depicting? Include an deterrent example to support this. †Impressionists are concerned with capturing a sense of immediacy in their artwork. Their whole shebang are assymetrically balanced. The subject matter is of t casual and more all(prenominal)day disembodied spirit pictures and scenes. William Chadwick put d admits the play of light and shade on the Griswold side porch â€Å"On the Piazza”. The impressionists unalike other types of artists do not fluff their paint pretenses.\r\nThey generally use the unclouded colors to capture their work. Their use of color is also seen in how they depict shadows. unlike previous artists who utilise neutral or darker shades like black to paint a shadow, Impressionists used color to show shadows. 4. Who are the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood? †The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a reform social movement founded in 1849 by several men to revitalize the arts. They precious to bring posterior more virtuous poses as unconnected to the art of their time that was by the Mannerists.\r\nThey believed Raphael was a corruption to art and the way it was taught. thence their name of â€Å"Pre-Raphaelite”. 5. What are the aspects used by Cez anne to create Mont Sainte-Victoire? How is this work uniform to Impressionism? -He used bright colors and mazed brushwork in his painting, not using lots definition either. His painting was of modern e genuinely day objects, which greatly affects impressionism. It is a inadequate varied though than impressionism. Instead of capturing one specific piece of nature and movement, he tries to encompass it as a whole.\r\nIt is very impressionistic while at the akin time different. 6. How does the Tassel family line Stairwell show the artistic production Nouveau organic style? †Art Nouveau is a good deal free flowing and organic. The decoration and computer architecture takes a new look at classic historical styles. The stairwell is haywireer in expression and curves more free flowing than classical straight stairwells. Some say it seems to bollocks up as it ascends through the middle of the house. The Tassel House was the first architectural structure through in the Art N ouveau style. 7. What is the pictorialist aesthetic?\r\nA group of videographers in the late nineteenth vitamin C and early 20th century who wanted to make their works different from other less experienced photographers. They would skirt the picture they took and therefore created an image rather than however capturing a moment. They made their photographs their own and gave rise to more aesthetic photos. They wanted photography to be more than just taking pictures of subjects they wanted to show it was a real form of art. Sometimes they would go on negatives or brush them with a soft brush to blur part of the photo making it more interesting.\r\n'

'John Locke Questions Essay\r'

'1. tooshie Locke describes the â€Å" tell of temper” as a sort of comp are between men. No man has whatever respectables over the other, and they bunghole be potsome in doing what they involve. All being qualified to use the same(p) faculties. Locke besides explains that although they are free it does non give them the respectable to hurt one some other because the â€Å" inwrought virtue” still personifys even through with(predicate) the â€Å" landed e bow of disposition”. Locke defines the state of reputation as political power. This â€Å"state of temper” is basically where humans can exist without a presidential term or hearty centralize.\r\nAnd that hoi polloi would follow this â€Å"law of nature” and would protect it against anyone who did not follow it. â€Å"The instruction execution of the law of Nature is in that state put into every man’s hands, whereby everyone has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such a degree as may hinder its violation. ” Locke also mentions that in conclusion community would try to form a political science to try to protect their rights further. The â€Å"state of nature” is more of a panorama rather than something that actually happened in history. 2. John Locke explains that the reason why people die this â€Å"state of nature” is because this â€Å"paradise” is obscure and insecure.\r\nThere is no guarantee that people allow for always go on with the â€Å"laws of nature” and everyone will think of others as pertains. So it strings it harder for individuals to enjoy this â€Å"paradise” because they panic something might go wrong so they want to quit and become collapse of a political alliance where soul can tell them what to do with on that point freedom. This feeling is because of the â€Å"mutual preservation” of their lives, estates, liberties and a big part, property. Men want to essence a government activity to protect their properties; it says that they would want a kn declare law that is a standard for right and wrong.\r\nAlso another issue with the â€Å"laws of nature” is the judging frame it would cause a fate of revolution within the people because if everything was so â€Å" correspond” then wouldn’t you be equal with the judge and not have to condense by their rules and regulations? In rise to power Locke also states â€Å" at that place often wants power to stomach and support the sentence when right, and to give it out-of-pocket execution. ” With this being said, if something were to go wrong they would not know what the consequence would be. Overall the â€Å"state of nature” system has a lot of flaws and would cause many conflicts. 3.\r\nThe social withdraw that is laid out by behind Locke is a beseech between the general assembly and the people. The people’s side of the contract I s that they follow the rules and regulations that the law-makers creates. In addition the legislatures part of the contract is separated into cardinal different promises. One of the promises they make is to make the laws apply to every kinfolk, rich and poor. other promise that they made was not to face lift taxes without having the consent of the people. The people must be fully aware of the tax changes.\r\n thirdly all the laws have to be estimable to everyone, not unless one class or group of people. Lastly the legislature promises that only they can create laws for the sizable of the people. They decided this because if everyone was allowed to voice there own opinion about what the laws would be naught would actually get established and there would be nothing but topsy-turvydom among the people. Above all the contract is just to be for the slap-up of everyone. 4. The government can be decided if the social contract is breached in certain(prenominal) scenarios. The b asis of the society is the constitution. The constitutions purpose is to protect the ones within the society.\r\nWhen a member of the legislature goes against any of the quaternity agreements that were made the people have a right to protest, peacefully that is. And if its serious luxuriant fight against the legislative, thus â€Å"dissolving” the government. So basically the people have a right to â€Å"cancel ties” and create a new legislative that they feel will be more beneficial for the people, since the legislative before were not doing things that were fair or went out of their rights of being in the legislature.\r\nSince the people were the ones who were in control and ultimately chose them to be in power, they have the right to dissolve the government if there choices aren’t for the good of the people. 5. Locke’s philosophy is remarkably alike(p) to the Declaration of emancipation. Both articles have the same ideas of everything being for the people, and things being equal. It states â€Å"of the people, for the people, and by the people. ” I believe that Thomas Jefferson made what he put in the Declaration with standardized viewpoints that’s in â€Å"The Second Treatise of genteel Government. ” Both talk about government and the society in the same way.\r\nThe government was made to â€Å"secure natural rights”. If the government goes against their rights the people have a right to rebel in a certain way. And express how they feel about the consider at hand, to make a variance and change it. You can tell that Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson, and that both go hand in hand when the Declaration of Independence was created. One similarity between the devil is when Locke’s main ideas were â€Å"life, liberty, and property. ” But Jefferson states â€Å"life, liberty, and the followers of happiness”. These statements are almost identical, with a minor chan ge.\r\n'

'Customer Service and Order Processors\r'

'The Human Side of Management subsidisation Repairing Jobs That Fail to Satisfy Learning Goals Companies often carve up up snuff it as a elan to improve efficiency, except specialisation cig atomic name 18t live to negative consequences. DrainFlow is a company that has effectively apply specialisation to reduce be relative to its competitors’ be for historic period, merely rising client plaints suggest the flying’s salubrious position may be slipping. After reading the case, you will suggest virtually shipway it can create more(prenominal) provoke work for employees.You will in any case tackle the caper of finding people who be qualified and form to perform the multiple responsibilities required in these mulls. major(ip) Topic areas Job design Job comfort Personality Emotional labour The Scenario DrainFlow is a striking residential and commercial pipe fittery maintenance blotto that operates around the United Kingdom. It has been a maj or actor in residential plumbing for decades, and its familiar rhyme motto, â€Å"When Your Drain Won’t Go, Call DrainFlow,” has been wet on bear downboards since the 1940s. Leigh Reynaldo has been a fieldal charabanc at DrainFlow for approximately 2 years.She make use ofd to work for a newer competing chain, Lightning plumber, that has been drawing more and more customers from DrainFlow. Although her job at DrainFlow pays more, Leigh is not happy with the way things argon going. She has detect the work environment is not as rattling or energetic as the environment she truism at Lightning. Leigh bring forwards the difficulty is that employees be not do to provide the type of customer improvement Lightning Plumber employees offer. She recently send scenes to customers to collect information rough performance, and the data confirmed her fears.Although 60 part of respondents state they were satisfy with their e xperience and would use DrainFlow again, 40 per centum felt their experience was not good, and 30 percent said they would use a competitor the coterminous measure they had a plumbing problem. Leigh is wondering whether DrainFlow’s job design might be modify to its problems in retaining customers. DrainFlow has close 2,000 employees in quadruplet  base job categories: plumbers, plumber’s friends, order processors, and flush congresswomans. This structure is designed to keep damages as low as possible.Plumbers vex real full(prenominal) wages, whereas plumber’s assistants make round one-quarter of what a licensed plumber makes. Using plumber’s assistants is therefore a very personify-effective outline that has enabled DrainFlow to easily undercut the competition when it comes to price. Order processors make even less than assistants solely about the same as burster processors. All work is very specia lised, barely employees are often dependent on an new(prenominal) job category to perform at their most efficient level. Like most plumbing companies, DrainFlow gets business mostly from the Yellow Pages and the Internet. customers either tender in to describe a plumbing problem or submit an online request for plumbing services, receiving a return environ with information within 24 hours. In either case, DrainFlow’s order processors comprehend to the customer’s description of the problem to coiffe whether a plumber or a plumber’s assistant should make the service call. The job is then assigned accordingly, and a service supplier goes to the perspective. When the job has been complete(a)d, via mobile phone, a billing rep envyative relays the fee to SHR034-6, 12-13 he service rep, who move overs a bill to the customer for payment. Billing congresswomans can take customers’ ac do itledgement card payments by phone or electronic mail an invoice for online payment. The Problem Although specialisation does cut costs significantly, Leigh is worried about customer dis felicity. According to her survey, about 25 percent of customer traces ended in no service call because customers were confused by the diagnostic questions the order processors asked and because the order processors did not bedevil sufficient knowledge or skill to pardon the situation.That means fully one in four people who call DrainFlow to hire a plumber are worse than disslaked: they are not customers at all! The remaining 75 percent of calls that did end in a customer service encounter resulted in other problems. The most shop complaints Leigh found in the customer surveys were about solvent time and cost, especially when the wrong person was sent to a job. A plumber’s assistant cannot complete a more technically complex job. The appointment has to be rescheduled, an d the customer’s time and the staff’s time receive been wasted.The resulting curb often caused customers in these situations to decline further contact with DrainFlowâ€many of them decided to go with Lightning Plumber. â€Å"When I do at a job I can’t take care of,” says plumber’s assistant Jim Larson, â€Å"the customer gets annoyed. They thought they were getting a licensed plumber, since they were calling for a plumber. Telling them they stomach to have someone else come out doesn’t go over well. ”  On the other hand, when a plumber responds to a job easily handled by a plumber’s assistant, the customer is dummy up charged at the plumber’s high pay rate.Licensed plumber Luis Berger also does not standardised being in the position of giving customers good-for-nothing news. â€Å"If I get called out to do something handle snake a drain, the customer isn’t expecting a hefty bill. I’m caught in a difficult situationâ€I don’t set the rates or make the appointments, but I’m the one who gets it from the customer. ” Plumbers also resent being sent to do such plain work. Obi Ani is one of DrainFlow’s order processors. She is disappointed too when the wrong person is sent to a job but feels she and the other order processors are doing the best they can. We have a survey we’re supposed to follow with the calls to find out what the problem is and who needs to take the job,” she explains. â€Å"The customers don’t know that we have a standard form, so they think we can answer all their questions. Most of us don’t know any more about plumbing than the caller. If they don’t use the terms on the survey, we don’t go out what they’re talking about. A plumber would, but we’re not plumbers; we just take the calls. â₠¬Â Customer service issues also involve the billing representatives. They are the ones who have to keep contacting customers about payment. It’s not my fault the wrong guy was sent,” says Elisabeth King. â€Å"If two guys went out, that’s two trips. If a plumber did the work, you pay plumber rates. Some of these customers don’t get that I didn’t take their first call, and so I get yelled at. ” The billing representatives also complain that they see only the tail end of the process, so they don’t know what the original call entailed. The job is fairly impersonal, and much of the work is arranging customer complaints. Rememberâ€40 percent of customers are not convenient, and it is the billing representatives who take the brunt of their negative reactions on the phone.As you can probably tell, all employees have to affiance in emotional labour, as described in your textbook, and many lack the skills or personality traits to complete the customer interaction component of their jobs. They are not trained to provide customer service, and they see their work mostly in technical, or mechanical, terms. Quite a few are actually anxious about speaking directly with customers. The office staff (order processors and billing representatives) realise customer service is part of their job, but they also find dealing with negative feedback from customers and co-workers stressful.Two years ago, a management consulting company was hired to survey DrainFlow worker attitudes. The results showed they were less satisfied than workers in other comparable jobs. The following table provides a partitioning of respondent propitiation levels across a number of categories:    SHR034-6, 12-13 DrainFlow Plumbers DrainFlow Plumber Assistants DrainFlow Office Workers second-rate Plumber Average Office Worker I am satisfied with the work I am asked to do. 3. 7 2. 5 2. 5 4. 3 3. 5 I am satisfied with my working conditions. 3. 8 2. 4 3. 7 4. 1 4. 2 I am satisfied with my interactions with o-workers. 3. 5 3. 2 2. 7 3. 8 3. 9 I am satisfied with my interactions with my supervisor 2. 5 2. 3 2. 2 3. 5 3. 4 The information about average plumbers and average office workers is interpreted from the management consulting company’s records of other companies. They are not exactly surprising, given some of the complaints DrainFlow employees have make. Top management is worried about these results, but they have not been able to formulate a solution. The traditional DrainFlow culture has been focused on cost containment, and the â€Å"soft areas” like employee satisfaction has not been a major issue.The Proposed Solution The company is in trouble, and as revenues shrink and the cost savings that were supposed to be achieved by dividing up work fail to materialise, a change seems to be in order. Leigh is proposing using gold advantages to improve performance among employees. She thinks if employees were paid found on work outcomes, they would work harder to satisfy customers. Because it is not effortless to measure how satisfied people are with the initial call-in, Leigh would like to give the order processors a minuscular proceeds for every 20 calls successfully completed.For the active work, she would like to have each billing representative collect information about customer satisfaction for each completed call. If no complaints are made and the job is handled promptly, a moderate cash reward would be given to the plumber or plumber’s assistant. If the customer indicates real satisfaction with the service, a  prodigiousr cash reward would be provided. Leigh also wants to find people who are a improve fit with the company’s new goals. modern hiring procedure relies on unstructured interviews with each locationâ⠂¬â„¢s general manager, and little consistency is found in the way these managers choose employees.Most lack gentility in customer service and organisational behaviour. Leigh thinks it would be give away if hiring methods were standardised across all branches in her region to suspensor managers identify recruits who can actually succeed in the job. Your Assignment Your task is to prepare a persuasive report for Leigh on the potential  enduringness of her cash reward and structured interview programmes. run into certain it is in the form of a  schoolmaster business document that you would give to an experienced manager at this level of a fairly large corporation.Leigh is very smart when it comes to managing finances and running a plumbing business, but she will not unavoidably know about the organisational behaviour principles you are describing. As any new proposals must be passed by top management, you should also address their co ncerns about cost containment. You will need to make a strong evidence-based financial case that changing the management title will benefit the company. When you write, make sure you opinion on the following points:   SHR034-6, 12-13 1.Although it is clear employees are not especially satisfied with their work, do you think this is a reason for concern? Does research suggest satisfied workers are actually better at their jobs? Are any other behavioural outcomes associated with job satisfaction? 2. Using job characteristics theory, explain why the present remains of job design may be contributing to employee dissatisfaction. Describe some ways you could help employees feel more satisfied with their work by redesigning their jobs. 3. Leigh has a somewhat vague idea about how to implement the cash rewards system.Describe some of the specific ways you would make the reward system work better, based on the case. 4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using financial incentives in a program of this nature. What, if any, potential problems might hoist if people are given money for achieving customer satisfaction goals? What other types of incentives might be considered? 5. clear a specific plan to assess whether the reward system is working. What are the dependent variables that should change if the system works? How will you go about measuring rod success?\r\n'

'Bluebells of Scotland\r'

' depressedbells of Scotland â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland” is a put up write and composed in the late romantic age around 1899 by Arthur Pryor. The piece was composed from a traditional Scottish folk song for the trombone and orchestral accompaniment. In the late 1800s the trombone was not viewed as an pecker that could perform detailly difficult pieces. Compelled by union’s negative opinion of the trombone, Pryor composed â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland” in order to dis defend the capabilities of the trombone and to emphasize that it could play rattling difficult pieces.This piece is a little more than upbeat and physical than other pieces of the same season period, but what makes this piece particularly unique is that it is the just now piece with a high level of bother for trombone that was composed in the time of its conception. The piece is intend to be accompanied by an orchestra but brush off be played with piano accompaniment as well. The character istics of this piece argon very dynamic and free. The expressivity of the piece is left up to the interpretation of the performer which allows for a large amount of freedom and creativity.There are instead a few cadences that allow the performer to gain control of tempo and dynamics. â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland” includes both very subdued and lyrical passages as well as many another(prenominal) very quick and difficult runs, double-tonguing, octave jumps, lips slurs, and a vast amount of high register notes. The launching of the piece begins with a triumphant cadence peaking at a high register C, which slowly decays into a very lyrical melodic sequence that takes the hurl of the fender lyrics, which read: â€Å"Oh where, tell me where, is your highland young carnivore gone(a)?Oh where, tell me where, is your highland laddie gone? Hes gone with streaming banners where noble deeds are done. And its oh! in my heart I wish him safety device at home. ” The piece so moves into a lots more difficult technical variation of the original melody and progressively builds in speed until the excessively very triumphant ending. Around the time the then eighteen or nineteen year antiquated Arthur Pryor composed â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland”, he had only been playing the sliding board trombone for three to four eld.Pryor was given the slide trombone as a payment to a debt and taught himself to play it fairly quickly. Amazingly, Pryor wrote the piece with the knowledge of only a few slide touchs and would use false tones and vary positions for notes in the fifth, sixth, and seventh positions. Despite this, â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland” is thus far one of Pryor’s most memorable pieces and is tranquilize widely known today. A few years after composing â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland” he arrived in in the raw York by invitation of John Philip Sousa.After arriving to be in Sousa’s new concert band, Pryor was offered by Frank Holton the position of principle chair trombonist. When Holton left the position, Pryor became the featured soloist of oer 10,000 solos as principle trombonist for Sousa’s band. â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland” serves as a constant reminder of the trombone’s capabilities as a very lyrical peter and its ability for technical prowess as well. Arthur Pryor invigorate interest in the trombone with his virtuoso playing, and â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland” in particular has been a standard of trombone literature for decades and a front-runner challenge for advanced players”(Kleiner). The piece will ever so have a special place in the hearts of all trombonists, both past and future. whole shebang Cited http://www. celticscores. com/sheet-music/628_Blue_Bells_of_Scotland http://bluebellstrilogy. com/blog/2010/05/arthur-pryor-blue-bells-and-trombone/\r\n'

'Mutli Agency Working\r'

'The goal of the essay is to tape an understanding of the value of impressive multi-agency working in nurtureing kidren and families. It is mentioned in the surgical incision of education (2012) that multi †agency working is a instruction of bringing together practioners from different professions to give supernumerary stand out to children and family who need it. Because children and their family needs puke be very different it is en undisputabled that right professionals be involve in the inspection and repair provided, which might involve flock from tender work, health, education, early years, early person work, police and youth in force(p)ice etc.When providing agree for the children and their families it is beta that practioners shake up an might to provide a child centred and a holistic approach to contribute to the best support possible. holistic approach means considering the physical, emotional, social, psychological and spiritual emergence and as well looking at it in a wider context. (FdA Early Childhood Studies 2012a)Department of Education (2012) mentions Multi-agency working as a generic term and is unionized differently in every place, For Extype Ale it can be a team of professionals working roughly circumstance needs of a child or family, based on an domain or just an establishment. The services work together within a unit or with another(prenominal) services and in like manner have regular meetings for improvement of services.Multi-agency working provides benefits for children, young masses and families because they support in the most economical way, needs of the children and families are addressed more suitably because of amend quality services.. For spokesperson it provides with early appellation and intercession, and keeping in mind the holistic needs, it provides better support for boots. Helping children leads to improved achievement in education and better concentration in education.Worden (19 96) states that in situations where a child has doomed a levy can be a very ponderous time for the children, because parents are the most important wad in children’s vivification. This can affect them twain physic each(prenominal)y and emotionally. Penny (2005) states the community based figures on parent’s report of their children, aged cardinal to sixteen who have experienced ill of a parent or a sibling is 3.5 %. Parkes (1993) in Machin (2009) implicates that sometimes loss takes place suddenly deviation no time for preparation.And the impact of loss unceasingly exists. Erikson (1980) mentioned in Machin (2009) says that the psychosocial organic evolutions occurring across the child’s vitality span has changes such as losings and gains. The losses cause emotional distress, give grief. It is clear that from his heart span theory from birth to final stage, challenges contribute to somebodyized and social development. To this developmental proce ss relationships or people nervous strain an important part of the keep span. Littlejohn (2013) refers to Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment (1960) who believed that when the primary carer or the important figure of the child is unavailable, they respond in breakup and also may affect their ability to form caring relationship in life.Bowlby states that the children go by dint of tether stages of separation response: children might show anxiety, Show hopelessness due to the grief and purport detached. Bowlby also mentions that children and adults go through four phases of sorrow process. portray a: Shock, present b: Searching, protesting and yearning, Stage c: Anger or depression and Stage d: Accepting and re- adjustment. Parke, Gauvain (2009) mentions that Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979) suggests that some(prenominal) happens in the microsystem that is an individual’s experience in one particular setting, which is the family, in the case of children experiencing loss w hen one of the parent dies, the experience is very direct and the other settings in the microsystem are home, naturalize and church etc.The mesosystem is the connection and relationships amidst microsystems, e.g. home/school, and church/family. Thus Bronfenbrenner states that the environs & emotions of the family can have direct effect on the child. (FDA Early Childhood Studies 2012 b). Penny (2005) mentions that Wendy Stainton Roger’s three main ways of determining the best children adversity services as a ‘needs sermon’, a ‘rights disclourse’ and a ‘quality of life disclourse’. In the ‘needs’ disclourse Worden (1996) cited in Penny (2005) gives two alternate(a) approaches to provide the children’s bereavement service.One is to wait manger the child is showing difficulties with bereavement, which means waiting for the child to show emotional/behavioural distress and thence to intervene. Stokes (2004) cited in Penny (2005)argues that this type of intervention could resolving in some children missing out the service that could be benefactorful to them. The other method would be to measure the children at risk by victimization a screening instrument. Stokes again argues that this may non accurately reflect the experience of the family. Thus ‘needs’ disclourse alone cannot be used for child’s bereavement service.The ‘rights’ disclourse is an approach where the children’s needs moldiness be met. Children’s right in the UN throng of the Rights of the Child (1989) says the children have the rights to be protect from offense and exploitation, have services to promote their healthy development and participation in decision making .the fuss with children’s rights is that it conflicts with needs, and hence require careful balancing. For example where the child’s right to be protected from what an adult considers as harmful f or the children.The ‘quality of life’ discourse is about the best recreate of the child, as it meets the ‘needs’ and the ‘rights’ discourse.in this approach the children’s welfare is interpreted into account with the concerns, values, resources and families and community in which children are brought up. This holistic approach is to support resilience, which is to benefactor children overcome whatever the life challenges they face. Every Child Matters (2003) aim to support the child to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, realise a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being.In this it supports the services for bereaved children and families, which include early intervention and prevention, having support in transition and for the family. The Children’s pull brings together police, health and the voluntary sector, and the other agencies to be involved in community based bereavement services. For example The End of Life Care dodging makes provision for bereavement care, which helps children cope with the death of their airless ones.Children who experience grief are support by services such as Hospice movement which support the dying and the children and the families of those who are experiencing loss. The Winston’s wish in Gloucestershire in 1992 gives a good support to children and families who have a hard time experiencing loss. These services help children through listening, doing activities, which help them talk about their lost loved ones and also form bond with the other family members. Penny (2005) mentions Rolls and Payne (2004) that identified objectives leading to interventions, which are followed by the children bereavement services and additional training, supervision are often offered.The interventions offered to children are to help make backbone of what has happened and the how they feel; it helps provide a secure environment for exploring, help with expressing feel ings, improve communication between family members and help bonding. It helps the children to manage their emotions and feelings, gum olibanum help create memories, tailor the feeling of isolated and help move anterior in life and have hope for the future. there are two types of service. restrict and open access. Restricted service is mainly for group children who have experienced bereavement because of particular causes such as life threating illness.Open access service offer service and support to children and families whatever type and circumstances of death, the only obstacle in that would be the age of the child and the area they live in. In this type of service when death is anticipated, information, guidance and support is given to the family and children before and afterwards. I the death is sudden or tragic, additional support is offered may be offered by hospital, police, victim support, social work team etc. If children show difficulties at a late stage, help can be offered through school counsellor, educational psychologist and in primitive situation can be referred to child and teen mental health services.Multi agency team thus improve children and their families’ quality of life and make sure the child bereavement service is available to all children and as professionals it is important to take into account different and changing situations. Professionals work in partnership with the children, their families, the school the child goes to and community the children are from to the best interest of the children.\r\n'

'Compare and Contrast the Three Categories of Scope\r'

'Question 1: Comp atomic number 18 and contrast the cardinal categories of domain of blossom to income appraise A modern form of income imposeation was introduced into Federation of Malaya in 1947 by using the derived and remitment priming. Income Tax Act (ITA) 1967 came into effect has imposed manhood income ass on the house physician confederacy manifold in vary industries. Malaysia adopted a territorial reserve reserve and remittance. With effect of course of study of assessment of 2004, task revenue tail amended to exempt income remitted into Malaysia from over sea.Until now, Malaysia income tax imposed on territorial basis that tax on income accumulated in or derived from Malaysia. The revolution of these three taxation basis has different scope of charge to nonmigratory separate and non- occupant psyche. The psyche and ac caller residence billet and excessively the rootages of income atomic number 18 examined under three basis to determine which ki nd of income real by ratable person should be taxed. occupant status is decided by the number of day physically social movement within the state of matter where generally individual roost in Malaysia total 182 days or much will be a occupier.Territorial basis: infra territorial basis which Malaysia is applying currently, nonexempt person such as individual, company or bodies of person is chargeable unaccompanied on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia. Income arising within Malaysia borders means the territories of the Federation of Malaysia, the territorial waters of Malaysia and the sea-bed and sub-soil of territorial waters and any atomic number 18a extending beyond the limits of the territorial waters of Malaysia are subjected to tax.In this scope of charge, resident and non resident individual and company are all ratable on its income derived from Malaysia exclusively. Non resident company taxed on income accrued or derived from Malaysia if it has permane nt establishment in Malaysia. Derived and absolution Basis: This scope of charge provided that resident person is chargeable on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia and too income received in Malaysia from oversea.Prior to year of assessment of 2004, only non-resident are exempted from tax on foreign source income received in Malaysia. Income remitted into Malaysia from oversea by resident person is rateable before 2004 until the effective year of assessment in 2004, a revised divide 28 Schedule 6 ITA exempts the income of any person including resident person received in Malaysia object those resident company carrying profession on excessized industry that will be discussed later in world income basis.World income basis Resident company and non-resident company are taxed on territorial basis extract for resident company carrying on billet in specialized industries such as banking, insurance, sea and communication channel transport. Under Section 60C of ITA, 1967, bu siness sources income from these industries are taxed on world income basis. This means that business income of resident company will be imposed on tax regardless of wherever the income derived even if income arises outside the country where individual resides.Question 2: Discuss the relevance of the three categories on the types of income received by a nonexempt person. These three categories of taxation basis imposed on different kind of income received by ratable person. Territorial or derived Basis In the scope of territorial basis, taxable person such as resident and non-resident individual and company excluded company carrying in specialized industry such as banking, insurance, sea and air transporter are taxed on income derived in Malaysia.Non-resident individual and company do not taxed on income received in Malaysia from oversea. Under section 4(a) ITA, income tax is imposed on gains and profit of a business. Resident and non-resident company that earn profit from their n ormal business activity in Malaysia are liable to tax as in accordance to the territorial basis stated that any income accrued and derived in Malaysia moldiness be taxed. Business income for resident company are generally taxable but non-resident company only taxable provided they has permanent establishment in Malaysia.For example, business profit gained from Hwa Tai Industries Berhad, local biscuit producer company that does not fall under special industry is taxable based on resident company tax rate of 25%. other example for non-resident company cases such as company Seesaw ltd carrying business of habilitate manufacturer, it will be taxed only on business source income from clothing in Malaysia. Besides, this basis provided that workplace income derived from Malaysia for resident and non-resident individual under section 4(b) of ITA 1967 is hargeable to tax. For examples, Mr. Erick Lund from Sweden who is a non-resident whole kit in Shell company is liable to tax for his e mployment income. However for non-resident individual, they are besides subjected to tax on the income of employment exercised in Malaysia but they are exempted if they genial the 60 day rule under separate 21 and 22 Schedule 6. Although tax obligation arise when income accrued in or derived from Malaysia in territorial basis, there are numerous types of income are exempted from tax in the hand of resident individual.Resident individual can enjoy the benefit of tax unsusceptibility such as pension income compensable for Malaysian employment for pass scheme (paragraph 30, Schedule 6 of ITA) , royalties for literary and artistic (paragraph 32, 32A, 32B), income for cultural performance approved by minister (paragraph 32C), income for musical composition (paragraph 32D) and also rice beer income from financial excogitation with effect from 30 August 2008.Other types of investment income that did not listed fall in Section 4 (c), (d), (e), (f) are generally taxable for residen t individual. taxation income that is assessable to tax includes interest received for Islamic securities, other than convertible give stock, approved by securities commission and rental income. For examples, Mrs Lim who works as a clerk in invoice firm also received income from renting her flat to few people.Apart from employment income as clerk is taxable under section 4 ( b), her rental income also liable to tax under section 4 ( d). For non-resident individual, they are subjected to tax on the income of employment exercised in Malaysia as mentioned above and also exempted for pension income paid for Malaysian employment for approved scheme, interest received Islamic securities and also interest from financial institution.However, they are taxable on royalties, income for cultural performance, income for musical composition. royalties for literary and artistic, income for cultural performance approved by minister, income for musical composition and also interest income from fi nancial institution in paragraph 33, Schedule 6. References: 1. Inland revenue Board Malaysia, 2011. Residence Status of Companies and Bodies of Persons. [online] Inland Revenue Board Malaysia. Available at:<\r\n'

'Mitigation of Earthquakes\r'

'The location of Kobe town played a great exercise on the magnitude of the disability ca habituated by the undercoat shudder that occurred in the town in 1995. The trauma was far much as comp ard to the ab role caused in the Northridge worldly concern totter in 1994 as much as the magnitudes of the quakes were the same. Kobe town is on a narrow strip, where we go for a narrow transportation corridor that was severely impaired due to the gift of the elevated roads and railways and this caused flapping of earthly concern and moneymaking(prenominal) traffic. on that point was evidence of ground bereavement including disruption of the road pavement, the subsiding of pavement about manholes and ejection of silt soils. The only transportation splice became the ground level roads and this brought about congestion that impeded emergency response and reco precise. There were oversized deformations in road pavements and withal of the ground or so expressions foundation s in the district of Sannomiya of Kobe.The deformations were in the order of tens of cen condemnationters and this could mystify been the standardisedly cause of the damages that acknowledged tilting of the grammatical construction or collapse of the entire body structures that were experienced in numerous multistory buildings that occurred in Kobe especially in the down town argona. The season of occurrence of the quake to a fault served to increase the mess who died. The quake occurred at 5:46 a. m. , the judgment of conviction which found legion(predicate) of the resident asleep or just pedigree their morning routines. There were too so umteen old wood-frame houses with heavy clay tiles that collapsed causing umteen deaths.There was also the ignition of fires that followed immediately after the collapse of the structures. The fires could not be extinguished on time to avert more death because of the hindrance caused by the failure of the water supply system and the disruption in the traffic system. These did not happen in the case of the 1994 Northridge existencequake as all the tarnish rupture occurred at depth that were greater than 10km, and m any of the multistory buildings in San Fernando Valley were at to the lowest degree 20km away from the fault rupture that was closest (Paul, 1995).The Northridge earth quake also occurred at the time when in that respect were no people occupying the building that were touch. These include a stadium that collapsed but there were no people in it at that early morning hours that the quake occurred. There was also the report of multi storey mercenary buildings collapsing but were also not occupied during the time of collapse. In this town there was also incidence of fire eruption due to the breaking of the commercial gas pipe system, though this did not amount of money to what occurred at Kobe.There was also the collapse of the wood structure but the number was not as forged as the one experienced at Kobe. There were few such structures in this town as compargond to the large number in the Kobe case. The design grammatical construction of the structures also averted the occurrence of more death as seen from none collapsing of school buildings which are reinforced against earth quakes. Components to include in mitigation strategy a) alter risk assessments. Risk assessment should be through with(p) to find out the chances that earth quake are likely to occur in a legitimate place and the frequency of such an occurrence and the severeness determined.Such information should be combined with the inventory of the structures that are in existence, and are likely to be affected by such disaster accompanied by the fragility data. The fragility data estimates the degree of damage that various types of structure allow for experience, for character, the type of damage likely to be experienced by unreinforced masonry building which is in earthquake prone area. These risk assessm ents are very important in increasing public awareness about the threat posed by the natural disaster. b)Implementation of mitigation measures.Land use plan feces help the communities reduce significantly on losses that are brought about by natural disasters like earth quakes by adoption of land use plans that aim at avoiding the hazards while taking forethought of the environment and other goals. There is however no willingness of local government to adopt land use measures to protect against hazards unless a direction is received from a higher level government. There should be perfect identification of the disaster affected areas though the procedure of the hazard zones could be very expensive for round municipalities.Earth quake disaster can also be reduced substantially by improving the building codes. The code will guide the standard of buildings that are allowed (to be built) in certain areas and the rehabilitation of already existing structures. The life safety of build ings is currently world set by building codes. The maintenance of the functionality of the structures also is a very important aspect and becomes very critical in certain class of structures. For example in the US there was establishment of seismic safety standards for federally funded new construction by the federal government.This has the mandate of addressing seismic safety standards of the buildings that are already in existence and are either owned or leased. About half of 30000 communities in US grant not adapted any building code and the effectiveness of the building codes is also subject to reinforcement by the relevant warrant ( intuition, 1999). This requires an ongoing inspection program and it has been noted that galore(postnominal) communities lack the postulate number of inspectors that are required to perform the job efficiently.c) meliorate technologies that support warnings and the ventilation of, and response to, warnings. A good mitigation strategy should a ddress this issue as one of the cistron of the mitigation strategies. Warnings are expected to be time specific, show location of the expected disaster and the bitterness of the expected events. The uncertainty accompanied by the events should also be stated in the manner that will allow the taking of action to ensure the natural selection of people and the protection of institutions and belongings.There are some warnings that are developed in form of maps even in the beginning a disaster occurs in an area. These could also include the posting of signs in the areas or having a edict that requires that real estate agents inform potence property owners the nature of disaster the area is prone to. d) Improve the foothold for natural disaster insurance. Improvement of the basis of natural disaster insurance is an important cistron that should be included in the mitigation strategy.There should be reward for individuals that invest in hazard-reduction measures and this should be before and after the disaster. Individuals that are insured are to be awarded lower premiums for adopting mitigation measures before disasters such as the potential loses are considerably reduced. The insurance companies have the freedom of refusing to provide coverage unless the policyholder has agreed to reduce certain prospective measures that can lower the potential losses. REFERENCES Collins, Larry (2000).Earthquakes: Lessons from the Past, Part 1. move Engineering, 153(6). Retrieved August 27, 2008 from http://search. ebscohost. com Collins, Larry (2000). Earthquakes: Lessons from the Past, Part 2. Fire Engineering, 153(7). Retrieved August 27, 2008 from http://search. ebscohost. com Comerio, Mary (2004). Public policy for reduce earthquake risks: a US perspective. Building look into & Information, 32(5). Retrieved August 27, 2008 from http://search. ebscohost. com Emergency Management Institute.(2004). portal to Mitigation, Lesson 4. Retrieved February 8, 2004, from http://training. fema. gov/EMIWeb/IS/is393A. asp Paul S. ( February, 7 1995) Kobe Earthquake: An urban Disaster Eos, 76( 6), 49-51. Retrieved March 30 2009, from http://www. agu. org/sci_soc/kobe. html Science (18 June 1999). Mitigation Emerges as Major Strategy for trim back Losses Caused by Natural Disasters:284(5422). 1943-1947 Retrieved March 30 2009, from http://www. sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/284/5422/1943\r\n'

'Plato’s Concept of Justice\r'

'digression from â€Å"reason,” the patternion of umpire is a common theme in every dialogue of Plato akin in â€Å"Parmenides” and â€Å"Timaeus”. However, it is in â€Å"The Republic” that the concept of rightness is intensively argued, scrutinized, and diametricaliated. Specifically, the dialogue on the center of legal expert in â€Å"The Republic” is largely brought up by the contest inquiries of Glaucon and Adei opustus. Glaucon, spoken as devil’s advocate, class nicety similarly to the uncorrupteds chosen, non for the goods themselves, save for the early(a)(a) things that they whitethorn bring.\r\nGlaucon argued that mess do non pauperization any ane to obstruct their unceasing desire for everything and l mavinsome(prenominal) fargon in much(prenominal) a way that they reverse un secure treatment. As an likeness, he engaged the degree of Gyges ring, the ring that gives magical invisibility to its be ber. Any w hiz who becomes a proprietor of that ring roll in the hay hardly resist the come-on of becoming motivation a god among new(prenominal)s. He or she, un serenityrained by nicety, entrust spend the ring to satisfy his desires for everything. On the contrary, Socrates pointed out that arbiter, both(prenominal) in itself and what it brings is good turn in al atomic number 53ice, even unnoticed, is injurious.\r\nThus, to refute the impressive challenge of Glaucon, Socrates it is imperative to understand the centre of nicety before one bottom unfeignedly know whether justice is good in itself or it is good imputable to the things which come from it. However, to expound the Platos concept of justice, the different gaps in his arguments be needed to be filled with the missing premises. Historical Background In the ancient time, Greeks conceive justice through the poets ideas like those of Hesiod. Hesiod depict justice by conforming to real find of acts; to distract Zeus punishment and achieve his rewards, cosmos moldiness act in accordance with Zeus get out.\r\nHowever, this concept of reward and punishment has lost its credibility during the later(a) period of the fifth century. As volume came to hold back that or so unjust men flourish as good citizens continue to suffer hardships and trials, they denounced the pre-conceived arbitrariness that rewards be given to the good doer fleck punishments argon inflicted to the unjust. Consequently, as democracy in the Athenian association evolves, few Athens posterior hardly fancy to give importance on the afterlife and the questions on the essence of justice became a great literary argument. This controversy was exacerbated by the Sophists who act as hired tutors for plastered students.\r\nSophists denied the existence of the standards or objective accuracy concerning cover and wrong. They rather treated morality and law as the bases of loyalty. For instance, Antiphon publicly decl ard t hat one moldiness choose to be unjust for it is an advantage. Hence, Plato decided to retain justice against the Sophistic challenge. The Argumentation Thrasymachus claimed that justice is provided an advantage of the stronger citizens. In Book I, he argued that the societal norms and muchs are merely conventions which serve as constraints for those who fend with them while others who ignore them are benefited.\r\nWhereas the unjust people gain power, become strong and linguistic rules in the society, the sapless conform to the justice which mails them in a disadvantage position. Thrasymachus then believed that the justices norms and more thans are merely conventions promulgated by the strong, powerful people and the rulers to protect their admit disport and keep the weak into the state of oppression. On the other hand, the second book presented Thrasymachus challenges not only to the standards of compensate and wrong but overly on the Socrates regularity of searching for the verity, the method of elenchus.\r\nThe Socrates method of finding the integrity commences by building up ideas from the peoples beliefs. Thus, if Thrasymachus is impeccable with his notions, truth about justice is merely imposed by rulers. This gave a great task to Socrates to assert that justice is both good and desirable and it is more than conventions; rather, it is machine-accessible to the standards of morality and it is our advantage to adhere with it. In the forward motion of the argumentation in Platos â€Å"The Republic,” justice was discussed and described in different ways.\r\nSome of these ideas were rejected for they inaccurately described justice. Hence, in the end, the argumentation does not only prevail to what justice is but to a fault define what it is not. By analogy, the figure of justice was compared to the political building of the metropolis and the components of an individual. â€Å" referee emerges from the relation of these separate in both the city and the individual. ” Although justice, in form, is not identical to the structure of the city or the form of the someone, the earthner of the motley mappings of the mind or city moldiness exit imply the ravishony that the justice could bring. Justice in the city and the individual’s reason is the relating and functioning of parts in a general way to produce a graceful straightforward result. ” In its comparison with the city, â€Å"justice is everyone doing ones part into the scoop of what he or she hindquarters and not curious in others business”. On the other hand, justice results when the three components of the somebody function in a graceful mankindhoodner. Thus, as the individual parts of the lust and the city lead properly, the resulting harmony is excellency in their function. This resulting excellence then is justice.\r\nIn the case that one of their integral parts does not function easily, the entity or indiv idual suffers resulting to the lack of justice. Justice then for the individual is essential as he or she tries to organize it from the soul with his or her bodys external reachs which in bow nowadays affected by the external worldly concern; hence, a just soul exit not commit unjust litigates. In such way, the internal justice of the mortal is directly affected by the external world. Moreover, Book I presented the conception of justice as an internal virtue and external lineament with more complexities and implications.\r\nThe discussions of such can be directly seen from the propositions of Thrasymacus, Cephalus and Polemarcus which scrutinized by Socrates. Cephalus seed justice as obese the truth and paying ones debts while Polemarchus proposed that â€Å"justice is with child(p) each what is owed to them. ” Socrates told is not always true as perceived by Cephalus for it could create disastrous results like in returning weapon to a mentally-defective psyche who could harm others and even herself or himself. Even the conception of Polemarchus is defective for it signifies the intention to help friends and to do harm to enemy.\r\nSocrates argued that a just person moldiness not do anything harm to anyone for he or she must do good things and doing harm to anyone is not good. Nevertheless, Thrasymachus conceived justice as â€Å"the advantage of the stronger and practiseing the rulers,” which was contradicted by Socrates due to its insufficiency. Thrasymachus notion can also be stated as â€Å"advantage of the stronger,” which requires a deeper interpretation. In this way, Thrasymachus suggested that justice can only be fully understood by a person in power. So as to become powerful and ruler, that person must suffer cognition in producing justice and ruling for his or her favor.\r\nIf the ruler has knowledge and knowledge is good, this goodness will lead everyone to gaiety while happiness is in the long run justice. Lo oking gain at the proposition of Thrasymachus, he pointed out two essential things between the ruler and the ruled. First, the ruling group or person who will create laws is stronger and profitable. Then, these laws inflict punishments to the ruled group which place them in a disadvantageous position. Thus, justice is obligingness with the laws made by the rulers. As such, in the perfection world of Thrasymachus, the rulers pass laws for their favor and entirely for their own benefits.\r\nOn the other hand, the ruled group is mandated to obey the laws in array to avoid punishments and to achieve the corporal good. By implementing this, the ruler helps the ruled group to action internal personal justice as well as to help the city in move justice for â€Å"the individual justice echoes out to exit the city as a whole. ” Therefore, compliance with the laws is also justice. The â€Å"good” for Thracymachus is doing what perceived to be good. Eve though there is no standard good, one must do things which bring profits and benefits to self.\r\nOn the other hand, the powerful can act the way they want for the laws are made for their own favor. Meanwhile, the souls function is donjon. Everything that functions has excellence and justice is the excellence of the soul. As well, the achievement of justice will eventually lead to the well-living and the happiness of a person. As justice leads to happiness and â€Å"just” person is also a happy one, the person has happiness if he or she has the sense on justice and the person is only â€Å"just” when he or she has happiness. Therefore, Thrasymachus believed that happiness is the end coating.\r\nFurthermore, Thrasymachus added that justice is only advantageous for the stronger and it is better to be unjust than just. Since getting more things bring happiness, it is better to get more in life. He suggested that if it is possible to act without the consequences of ones actions, anybody w ould transgress the set obligations and legal standards. Since laws are merely created to benefit the stronger, anybody may probably choose to act in a way which benefits him or her. In this manner, the person acts un decently if in this way he or she will be benefited.\r\nBy living then in unjust manner the person will be benefited and eventually will attain happiness. These propositions of Tharsymachus were largely shape by his position as a casuist with no morality standards or objective truth belief. valet de chambres is capable of misrepresent just externally but internally unjust. For Thrasymachus, this ability is an advantage because the person can obtain the external reward of pretending as just while simultaneously avoiding the consequences of universe unjust internally. In addition, the unjust man can take the advantage of the â€Å"just” man in a similar fashion.\r\nThrasymachus set the example of a man who is a good revenue payer and a law-abiding citizen as compared to the unjust tax evader who violated the law due to the belief that laws are not advantageous to him or her. For Thrasymachus, this view necessitates a special skill or craft which can be perfected through practice. That is, an individual can possibly perfect the skills of being unjust while simultaneously pretending as a just person. Originally, it was Polemarchus who assumed that justice is a craft or skill which was debunked by Socrates but in the alike(p) argument Thrasymachus has fallen.\r\nHence, by using the identical analogy as with Polemarchus, Socrates was able to refute the proposition of Thrasymachus. Finally, at the end of Book I, Thrasymachus agreed with Socrates that a just man attains happiness while the unjust man falls into the trap of misery. As Thrasymachus retracted his introductory propositions, Socrates further explained that the unjust man is un extraneous and ignorant. A wise man seeks the trail of other wise men that existed and made a pat h of learning; knowledge and wisdom must be achieved by a man to become just. Furthermore, Thrasymachus ideas of justice contradicted the Socrates’ a band of thieves’ analogy.\r\nAs shabbiness brings hatred, each element of the band of thieves will come to a dig point where they could hardly trust one other which eventually lead to misunderstanding and separation. If injustice results to such worst ending, we may say then that only justice can preserve love and angiotensin-converting enzyme among individuals. Thus, justice is again associated with the â€Å"good” while the injustice is to unbeneficial which denounced the notion of Thrasymachus that injustice is beneficial than justice. Therefore, Thrasymachus ultimately believed that the soul directs the person’s life.\r\nThis means that an individual with a good soul lives a good and beneficial life while an individual with a worse soul has a miserable life. In union to this, Socrates firmly stat ed that a just man has a better life than the unjust for â€Å"justice is the peculiar excellence or virtue of the soul. ” Plato’s â€Å"The Republic” presented a systematic analogy of the soul and the city. Plato proved that the human soul has various parts that work truely. On the other hand, the city has different structures that work for the common good in order to attain peace and order and to avoid elegant war.\r\nWhereas the social structures of the city must collectively work for the common good, the components of the soul must maintain harmonious relationships for the achievement of a collective serviceable excellence. As the soul functions justly, it is working with excellence which is the utmost functional goal of the soul itself. The Nature of Actions As discussed above, man’s action is a al-Qaeda of justice. Man acts in way to attain happiness and to avoid vexation. As such, Plato believed that the supreme good is the ultimate goal of ev ery human endeavor. What then is the â€Å"good” for a man that can be possibly accomplish through his endeavors?\r\nIt is happiness but relatively defined; vulgar men associated it with pleasure while people with refined timbre ascribed it to honor. While these things are chased to achieve happiness in one’s self, but â€Å"good” should be pursued not only for happiness but for the â€Å"good” itself—as an end. The â€Å"good” brings happiness and is associated with function or activity. For instance, if you are a behest pianist then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity.\r\nIn the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of serviceman that separate them from the rest of the animals. Thus, man’s function concerns the soul. The clear-sighted component of the soul controls man’s impulses, thus, makes him unadulterated. Therefore, â€Å"human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. ” Meanwhile, the nature of man’s actions was classified as voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary.\r\nInvoluntary actions are done against one’s disposition; voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition; and nonvoluntary actions are by chance done due to ignorance. Since virtue governs one’s disposition to act in accordance with the â€Å"good,” the primary feather basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of survival. For an action is always a result of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of one’s purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also satisfies the conditions that Plato believed are essential for virtue: knowledge, volition, and doing.\r\nOn the other hand, if an individual was squeeze for a certain action, although seem involuntary, he is cool off responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing. Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to jazz virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some point of time, the person accomplished his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary.\r\nWith these, only ignorance can allay an action to be called a vice but has limitation. If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient fare and water taken into the body results to poor bread and butter while a balanced diet ensures good health. â€Å"So too is it, then, in the case of self-restraint and courage and other virtues. ” Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers one’s life; inviolate abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes one’s indulgence.\r\nSince wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and noble character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue. Just and moderate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. â€Å"But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues have themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. ” Several conditions are necessary for the lend of every virtuous action: knowledge of virtues; disposition for virtuous actions; and power to do virtuous actions.\r\nHence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous; rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must. Limitations of Human imagination Through the hi erarchy of things here in the world, we perceive that several creatures are much better, thus, higher than the others: creatures that are alive are better than inanimate objects; living organisms that have senses are much better than plants; and humans that are alive have senses, and have the lay out of reason are much perfect to the rest of the creations.\r\nHowever, even if we are the highest form of living organisms, we are not capable of an absolute understanding of reality. For we judge reality based the way we perceive things, beauty, truth or evil. In order to perceive, we make use of definite criteria that if are correct, entails the veracity of our judgment. Can we utterly perceive the truth? In judging, we are maneuver by the truth but we do not judge the truth. The truth therefore is higher than us.\r\nNonetheless, in perceiving the truth, we must grasp with something that does not change (solid basis). For if our basis changes, the left over is just a part of the tru th. This is also true in perceiving the real essence of justice. In trying to explain free choices through other things may limit the rationale for the true justice. For different things may require different explanations. Hence, in trying to conceive for the real sense of justice, this may lead us to a perilous situation that is substituting vagueness to its real essence.\r\n'

'Levels of Life Worksheet Essay\r'

' despatch wholly troika parts of this worksheet.\r\nPart I: Atomic Structure †Fill in the absent reading on atomic structure and essential compounds.\r\nAtomic Structure\r\nSubatomic Particle\r\n rupture\r\nLocation in an Atom\r\nProton\r\nPositive\r\n lens nucleus\r\nNeutron\r\nNeutral\r\nNucleus\r\nElectron\r\nNegative\r\n worldwide (outer-shell)\r\nOrganic Compounds\r\nLarge Biological Molecule\r\nAtoms it Contains\r\nMonomer(s)\r\nFunction(s) in Living Organisms\r\nCarbohydrates\r\nC, H, and O\r\nMonosaccharides\r\nSource of energy\r\n lipoid\r\nC, H, and O\r\nGlycerol and sebaceous acids\r\nCushion and alter organs; builds cell membranes\r\nProtein\r\nC, H, O, N, and S\r\nAmino Acids\r\nHelps chemical substance reactions, provides support and structure, provides transport within bodies and provides movement of consistence Nucleic acids\r\nC, H, O, N, and P\r\nNecleotides\r\nStores and transmits genetic in assortmentation\r\nPart II: Characteristics of Living Organis ms †Seven characteristics distinguish an object or thing from an actual vivification organism. All sevensome characteristics must be present simultaneously for something to be considered animated. Fill in the remaining characteristics in the following table.\r\nCharacteristics of a Living Organism\r\n1. Order †point complex but ordered organization.\r\n2. Regulation- the environment external of an organism can change but the organism is able to intern every(prenominal)y adjust to maintain or regulate appropriate levels for survival\r\n3. Growth and development- the information provided by genetics which determines the growth and development patterns of an organism.\r\n4. postal code utilization- the energy an organism takes in to use in preforming life activities.\r\n5. Response to the environment- the response of a living organism to its environment.\r\n6. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce their own kind.\r\n7. Evolution. Reproduction underlies the might of populat ions to change (evolve) over time.\r\nPart III: bring through a 200- to 300-word explanation of how atoms retrace up primitive compounds, which break up all living organisms, addressing all three domains.\r\nAccording to Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, (2010) how atoms make up organic compounds, which make up all living organisms, by addressing all three domains, ar that atoms unite with carbon elements. For an example the elements could be hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These three elements bond with atoms, and render carbon and hydrogen atoms. wherefore the three elements then become a conjugate chain, the chain produces three domains that the body and all living organisms need to function. They are considered as large biologic molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are the three domains of the atom chain. The small molecules are what link the large biological molecules together.\r\nCarbohydrates are created by carbon, oxygen, hydrogen linkin g together which form polysaccharides. The chain is called a polymer, which is a small molecule. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen unite and form amino acids. The Amino acids then produce proteins. in like manner when carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen unite combined with sugars it becomes foundation molecule. The nucleotide molecule then produces DNA and RNA. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen united together then form fatty acids. The fatty acids produce glycerol, and this is how lipids are formed. All three domains of that create an atom are living organisms that bond with from each one other to create organic compounds that produce the gyves that release the carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. All three of these basic atoms are needed to grow food, and digest food that make up all living organisms including humans, animals, and natural gases.\r\n indication\r\nEric J. Simon, Jane B. Reece, and Jean L. Dickey. (2010). Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology,. Re trieved from Eric J. Simon, Jane B. Reece, and Jean L. Dickey, SCI/230 website.\r\n'

'Advantage of being the oldest sibling Essay\r'

'Many kids say that existence the last electric shaver is the best because you name incessantlyything you want. easy not me I believe that being the oldest child has many advantages to it. As the oldest child in my family I nominate to have things first, I shoot for to rub emerge afterwards than my other siblings and, I stack set rules that jr. siblings have to follow. First, I specify to have things ahead my young siblings. For example the priming why I get to have everything onwards my younger siblings is because I am the oldest, I get to have a gondola before everyone and my younger siblings have to wait. I likewise get to seemlyly much experience many things before my younger siblings. I was able to experience prom, graduating high school, and getting a car. These are some of the best experiences I got to experience before my younger siblings. They all hold off at me and get jealous because I get to do everything first. As they would say â€Å"That is not f air!” Second, the advantages of being the oldest is I get to stay surface later rather than my siblings have to come stead earlier. My siblings complain all the time ab kayoed this result because I get to stay come to the fore later.\r\n indeed they complain to my parents asking them for more time out longer because they are having fun with their friends. My curfew for coming kinfolk is at 1:00 am my comrade is at 10:00pm, and my younger sister is at 8:00 pm as you can see since I am the oldest I get to stay out later and I get more privileges than my brother and sister. It kind of makes me happy because I don’t have to sit there and longing I was the oldest so I can stay out later. Or wish I had a car so I can go to the mall with my friends. Lastly, I get to set rules that my siblings have to follow. I get to tell them what do when to do it and how to do it.\r\nFor example, if my brother’s room is messy I tell him that he needs to clean it also with his homework, I tell him when to do it and I tending him with it. It feels great to be the oldest sibling because I get to set many rules for my brother and sister, and they have to take heed to me because if not then they will get in trouble with my parents. In conclusion, I love life to be the oldest sibling because I get to have things before them, I get to stay out later than my siblings, and I can set rules for my siblings to follow. My younger siblings wish that they were older so they can do the things that I can do further they cannot. I love to be the oldest child in my family for all these reasons but the best reason is being there for them when ever I can.\r\n'