Overview of the Haber-Bosch Process

The Haber-Bosch process is a process that fixes nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia — a critical part in the manufacture of plant fertilizers. The process was developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and was later modified to become an industrial process to make fertilizers by Carl Bosch. The Haber-Bosch process is considered by many scientists and scholars as one of the most important technological advances of the 20th century. The Haber-Bosch process is extremely important because it was the first of processes developed that allowed people to mass-produce plant fertilizers due to the production of ammonia. It was also one of the first industrial processes developed to use high pressure to create a chemical reaction (Rae-Dupree, 2011). This made it possible for farmers to grow more food, which in turn made it possible for agriculture to support a larger population. Many consider the Haber-Bosch process to be responsible for the Earths current population explosion as approximately half of the protein in todays humans originated with nitrogen fixed through the Haber-Bosch process (Rae-Dupree, 2011). History and Development of the Haber-Bosch Process By the period of industrialization the human population had grown considerably, and as a result, there was a need to increase grain production and agriculture started in new areas like Russia, the Americas and Australia (Morrison, 2001). In order to make crops more productive in these and other areas, farmers began to look for ways to add nitrogen to the soil, and the use of manure and later guano and fossil nitrate grew. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists, mainly chemists, began looking for ways to develop fertilizers by artificially fixing nitrogen the way legumes do in their roots. On July 2, 1909, Fritz Haber produced a continuous flow of liquid ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases that were fed into a hot, pressurized iron tube over an osmium metal catalyst (Morrison, 2001). It was the first time anyone was able to develop ammonia in this manner. Later, Carl Bosch, a metallurgist and engineer, worked to perfect this process of ammonia synthesis so that it could be used on a world-wide scale. In 1912, construction of a plant with a commercial production capacity began at Oppau, Germany. The plant was capable of producing a ton of liquid ammonia in five hours and by 1914 the plant was producing 20 tons of usable nitrogen per day (Morrison, 2001). With the start of World War I, production of nitrogen for fertilizers at the plant stopped and manufacturing switched to that of explosives for trench warfare. A second plant later opened in Saxony, Germany to support the war effort. At the end of the war both plants went back to producing fertilizers. How the Haber-Bosch Process Works The process works today much like it originally did by using extremely high pressure to force a chemical reaction. It works by fixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas to produce ammonia (diagram). The process must use high pressure because nitrogen molecules are held together with strong triple bonds. The Haber-Bosch process uses a catalyst or container made of iron or ruthenium with an inside temperature of over 800 F (426 C) and a pressure of around 200 atmospheres to force nitrogen and hydrogen together (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The elements then move out of the catalyst and into industrial reactors where the elements are eventually converted into fluid ammonia (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The fluid ammonia is then used to create fertilizers. Today, chemical fertilizers contribute to about half of the nitrogen put into global agriculture, and this number is higher in developed countries. Population Growth and the Haber-Bosch Process Today, the places with the most demand for these fertilizers are also the places where the worlds population is growing the fastest. Some studies show that about 80 percent of the global increase in consumption of nitrogen fertilizers between 2000 and 2009 came from India and China (Mingle, 2013). Despite the growth in the worlds biggest countries, the large population growth globally since the development of the Haber-Bosch process shows how important it has been to changes in global population. Other Impacts and the Future of the Haber-Bosch Process The current process of nitrogen fixation is also not completely efficient, and a large amount is lost after it is applied to fields due to runoff when it rains and a natural gassing off as it sits in fields. Its creation is also extremely energy-intensive due to the high temperature pressure needed to break nitrogens molecular bonds. Scientists are currently working to develop more efficient ways to complete the process and to create more environmentally-friendly ways support the worlds agriculture and growing population.

Racism Is A Damaging Ideology - 1669 Words

Racism is a damaging ideology that can demoralize individuals by devaluing their identity. According to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1998) in Australia, racism can be defined as An ideology that gives expression to myths about other racial and ethnic groups, that devalues and renders inferior those groups, that reflects and is perpetuated by deeply rooted historical, social, cultural and power inequalities in society. Racism creates a division within society, and instead of a harmonious blending of cultures, there is a racial hierarchy based on the superiority of one group of people over another. The outgroup is often deemed as inferior because of their racial differences. The conceptualization of race as a social construct highlights how racism has consequences and effects that ultimately shape how we see ourselves as well as how we see others. We live in a society where our daily lives are affected by race whether we want to accept it or not. As humans we have been conditioned to see the world through a racial lens that divides the world into black, white, Asian, Mexican, further disuniting the human race as a whole. In correlation, the novel The Bluest Eye, written by American author and Professor Toni Morrison, works to examine the black experience within the black community, and exploits the relevant issue concerning a young, victimized black girl who is infatuated by white standards of beauty. Pecola Breedlove can be understood through theShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Black Children Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the media, Omi addresses how â€Å"inferential racism† is seen throughout daily â€Å"intuitional life† which Buck strengthens in his article when he confronts the negative repercussions of desegregation. 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Analysis of Badinerie by J.S Bach free essay sample

The piece Badinage is in a light mood and structured in the Binary Form. It is cast in swift 2/4 meter beginning on the upbeat or musicians. This piece was originally written for a Chamber Orchestra and a solo flute. The piece starts In B minor and played In allegro tempo throughout. Badinage start with a mess forte dynamic marking meaning moderately loud with motive A in the pickup bar at the beginning and motive B starts on the second beat in bar two to bar 3. The Antecedent ranges from the beginning of the USIA to the first beat of bar four, which ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence. The Consequent started on the second beat of bar for four to the first beat of bar ten, which ended on an Imperfect Cadence a one to a five suspended two chord In second inversion. They are long phrases throughout the duration of the piece. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Badinerie by J.S Bach or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first five bars the bass line plays a Bass Continuo style in Baroque music, however in modern day it is called a Walking Bass style. In bars six to ten the melody line plays a similar rhythm that the bass was playing in the first five bars and the ass line plays a similar rhythm to what the melody line was playing.The second beat of bar 10 the dynamic marking changes to forte meaning loud which is the beginning of the phrase extension and sequential progression to bar 16. There Is a great build up in this phrase with a mess forte crescendo leading up to forte and the use of sixteen notes in the bass notes the section intense and bright. Bar sixteen the end of the first section is repeated and ends on an Imperfect five of five going to five cadence called atomization. The second section of the piece is a development of A, which Is the same melody played a fifth up.The Antecedent started from the pickup beat to the first beat of bar three on a five of three going to a three cadence. The piece then modulated to D major in the next bar then f# minor in bar 30 then back to b minor in bar thirty two. There is a phrase extension starting on the second beat of bar twenty to the first beat of bar twenty eight. The same idea comes back again of the melody line taking the rhythm of the bass line and the bass line taken the rhythm of the melody line in bars went eight to thirty two.There are pedal points in bars 33 to 35, interesting to note that there is use of octaves. In bars thirty six the first beat has a loud dynamic marking and the second beat has a soft dynamic marking which is quite interesting. There is a crescendo in the next bar leading up to forte towards the second to last bar. This section is then repeated and the section time around there is a rite. 2 Volta Inch means turn around then retard the second time. The piece ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence.

Analysis of Shelleys Ode To the West Wind Ode to Essay Example For Students

Analysis of Shelleys Ode To the West Wind Ode to Essay the West Wind EssaysAnalysis of Shelleys Ode To the West Wind In Ode to the West Wind, Percy Bysshe Shelley tries to gaintranscendence, for he shows that his thoughts, like the winged seeds (7) aretrapped. The West Wind acts as a driving force for change and rejuvenation inthe human and natural world. Shelley views winter not just as last phase ofvegetation but as the last phase of life in the individual, the imagination,civilization and religion. Being set in Autumn, Shelley observes the changingof the weather and its effects on the internal and external environment. Byexamining this poem, the reader will see that Shelley can only reach hissublime by having the wind carry his dead thoughts (63) which through anapocalyptic destruction, will lead to a rejuvenation of the imagination, theindividual and the natural world. Shelley begins his poem by addressing the Wild West Wind (1). Hequickly introduces the theme of death and compares the dead leaves to ghosts(3). The imagery of Pestilence-stricken multitudes makes the reader awarethat Shelley is addressing more than a pile of leaves. His claustrophobic moodbecomes evident when he talks of the wintry bed (6) and The winged seeds,where they lie cold and low/ Each like a corpse within its grave, until/ Thineazure sister of the Spring shall blow (7-9). In the first line, Shelley usethe phrase winged seeds which presents images of flying and freedom. Theonly problem is that they lay cold and low or unnourished or not elevated. He likens this with a feeling of being trapped. The important word is seedsfor it shows that even in death, new life will grow out of the grave. Thephrase winged seeds also brings images of religions, angels, and/or soulsthat continue to create new life. Heavenly images are confirmed by his use ofthe word azure which besides meaning sky blue, also is defined, in WebstersDictionary, as an unclouded vault of heaven. The word azure, coupled withthe word Spring, helps show Shelleys view of rejuvenation. The wordSpring besides being a literary metaphor for rebirth also means to rise up. Inline 9, Shelley uses soft sounding phrases to communicate the blowing of thewind. This tercet acts as an introduction and a foreshadow of what is to comelater. Shelley goes on to talk of the wind as a Destroyer and Preserver whichbrings to mind religious overtones of different cultures such as Hinduism andNative Indian beliefs. The poem now sees a shift of the clouds which warns ofan upcoming storm. This helps Shelley begin to work towards a final climax. He then writes of the mourning song Of the dying year, to which this closingnight/ Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre/ Vaulted with all they congregatedmight (23-25). Again, the reader feels somewhat claustrophobic. The closingnight feels as if it is surrounding the author as he writes and the reader ashe or she reads. The closing night is used also to mean the final night. Shelley shows how he cannot have a transcendence even in an open sky for eventhe sky is a dome. The sepulchre is a tomb made out of rock and hisimagination and the natural world will be locked and Vaulted tight. But infollowing lines Shelley writes how this sepulchre will burst (28). In thatsense, Vaulted takes on the meaning of a great leap and even a spring. Shelley uses the phrase congregated might not just to mean a collaborativeeffort, but to represent all types of religion. Shelley seems to use obtusephrasing to frighten the reader and to show the long breath of the wind. .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .postImageUrl , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:hover , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:visited , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:active { border:0!important; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:active , .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u216dcf273f37283f8315e26b4ef0be3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reamer's Guide And The Nohse Standards EssayShelley wants the reader to visualize the dome as having a presence like avolcano. And when the dome does burst, it will act as a Destroyer andPreserver and creator. The use of the words Black rain and fire and hail(28) also helps the reader prepare for the apocalyptic climax which Shelleyintended. As the rising action continues, Shelley talks of the Mediterranean(31) and its summer dreams (30). In the dream, the reader finds the sealaying Beside a pumice isle in Baiaes bay/ And saw in sleep old palaces andtowers/ Quivering within the waves intenser day (32-34). Shelley implantsthe idea of a volcano with the word pumice. The old palaces and towers stirvivid images of ancient Rome and Greece in the readers mind. Shelley also usesthese images in the seas dream to show that the natural world and the humansocial and political world are parallel. Again, he uses soft sounding words,but this time it is used to lull the reader into the same dream-like state ofthe Mediterranean. The pumice shows destruction and creation for when thevolcano erupts it destroys. But it also creates more new land. The pumice isprobably Shelleys best example of rebirth and rejuvenation. The wordQuivering is not just used to describe the reflection of images in the water. It is also used to show a sense of fear which seems to be the most common moodand emotion in this poem. Is Shelley perhaps making a comment that at the rootof peoples faith is fear of vengeful god? Maybe, but the main focus of thispoem is not just religion, but what religion stands for which is death andrebirth. Could line 34, also be a comment on Shelley himself? In the final stanzas, Shelley has the wind transforming from the naturalworld toward human suffering. Shelley pleads with the wind: Oh! lift me as awave, a leaf, a cloud! (54). He seeks transcendence from the wind and says:I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed (55). Shelley shows Christ not as areligion, but as a hero of sacrifice and suffering, like the poet himself. Heagain pleads for the wind: Drive my dead thought over the universetoquicken a new birth! (63-64). He asks the wind to Scatter, as from anunextinguished hearth/ Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!/ Be throughmy lips to unawakened Earth (66-68). The wo rds unextinguished hearthrepresent the poets undying passion. The hearth is also at the centre of theearth which helps make the connection between humanity and nature. Both areconstantly trying to reinvent themselves. When one scatters ashes its atones death and that person becomes one with the earth. When one scatterssparks it is these sparks that create new fires of creation and destruction. These new sparks arise when the dome explodes and abandons old ways. Canone ever escape the roots of creation? Shelley has many Blakean overtones ofcreation and destruction in the final tercet of this poem. Shelleys says thathis lips are the trumpet of prophecy (69). And many say that Wordsworth isegotistical? Again, he uses biblical sounding words to add drama and importanceto his prophetic vision. And it definitely helps achieve Shelleys intendedclimax when he asks with hope: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?(70).This sentence could be rewritten substituting the word death, for the wordWinter, and the word rebirth, could take the place of spring. Shelley, like all of the Romantic poets, constantly tries to achieve atranscendence to sublime. In Ode to the West Wind, Shelley uses the wind asa power of change that flow through history, civilization, religions and humanlife itself. Does the wind help Shelley achieve his transcendence? It seemsit has in some sense, but Shelley never achieves his full sublime. In poemssuch as Stanzas written in Dejection Near Naples Shelley uses images oflightning (15) and flashing (16) which help demonstrate that he can onlyattain a partial sublime unlike a poet like William Wordsworth. Perhaps thatswhy he tries to give rebirth to his individual imagination. One can neverrestart totally new. Even the trees that will grow from the winged seeds arenot totally new, but that is the point Shelley is trying to make. He feelshimself to be part of a continuing cycle. Since Shelley is an atheist the onlyway his soul can live on is through the incantation of his words. So, if histranscendence is to live on in eternity and create inspiration and change inothers like the West Wind, then he has achieved something greater than he couldhave imagined. But whether he grasped a complete transcendence for himselfwhile he was alive remains to be answered. It seems that it is only in hisdeath that the Wild Spirit (13) could be lifted as a wav e, a leaf, a cloud to blow free in the Wild West Wind (1).