Effects of Different Diets on the Body and Brain

make of contrasting Diets on the Body and BrainFoods containing Lipids, Proteins and Carbohyd prescribes erect the vim requisite by the dead frame. These nutrients be broken vote out and changed into fuel which provides the energy enabling the torso to function. Taking a vitamin may be beneficial, solely will non enlarge energy take aims. These nutrients be endpointed macronutrients, basic onlyy meaning that large measurements of them argon needed to sustain well public presentation of the torso.(Thompson JL, Manore MM, Vaughan LA, 2008)Carbohydrates, or carbs, as they ar referred to these days, be not all the same, they may be similar, and in that respect be differences. Carbohydrates argon a series of chemical substance compounds, they argon cool of carbon, the carbo, oxygen and hydrogen in equal proportion to water, the hydrate. Simple carbohydrates ar plunders complex carbohydrates ar starches and fibres. Carbohydrates earth-closet be quick broken down into sugar (glucose) by the soundbox and lend oneselfd for energy potatoes, bread and alimentary paste are high in carbohydrates.(Grosvenor MB, Smollen LA, 2006, p 117)Lipids or voluptuouss as they are to a greater extent comm scarce known, as well as providing energy, give our food taste, aroma and texture. Fat derriere be obvious in our food however untold of it is invisible and slight considered as a character of fat. Fat cease determine the wellnessiness or otherwise of our forage and there are many varied types. Fats in our bodies, called triglycerides, are form when three fatty acids are connected to a glycerol molecule. A chain of carbon with an acid group at the end forms a fatty acid. The term staring(a) fat is use to describe fats virtuous with hydrogen they are normally solid at room temperature and in the main come from animal fats. Trans-fatty acids on the other hand are unsaturated, but crucially the alignment of the hydrogen atom makes it to a gr eater extent akin to saturated fat. The necessary lubrication for the tree trunk is provided by lipids they likewise provide insulation to puff and help to keep the bodies temperature stable. They also form lift off of the membrane social structure of mobile phones and help with synthesise eicosanoid molecules and hormones. Lipids are a concentrated form of energy, get to for immediate use but coffin nail also be stored for use later. Foods high in fat include meat, eggs and d air powery products. It should be remembered that the trunk ask fat and that foods high in saturated fat, trans-fatty acids and cholesterin increase the find of heart disease, whilst those foods high in omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce the risk of heart disease.(Grosvenor MB, Smollen LA, 2006, p 152)Protein comes from twain animal and plant lines. More prosperous populations usually consume to a greater extent than animal protein sources. These tend to be high(prenominal) in bid, coat and calcium as well as saturated fats and cholesterol. Plant sources of protein are higher in unsaturated, fat, fibre and phytochemicals (chemical compounds found in plants, beneficial to the trunk) the building blocks of proteins are aminic acids. Some of these amino acids which the soundbox evoket produce in sufficient quantities are referred to as essential amino acids and are hence required to be part of a healthy feed. Chains of amino acids form different proteins and the shape of these proteins dictate their purpose. Amino acids from both the personify and the dieting are utilised by the cells to react with proteins as instructed by DNA. Amino acids are also used to interact with glucose and other non-protein molecules to provide energy. The need for protein is calculated by looking at the consumption of northward in dietary protein and the protein eat excreted by the body. The RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) of protein for a healthy adult is 0.8 gram s per kilo gram of body pack. The requirement can increase depending on the state of the body, for instance pregnancy, breast feeding a baby, growth, physical activity, physical injury or illness. It is recommended that 10 to 35% of calories are interpreted from protein to maintain a healthy diet. Foods high in protein include chicken, beef, pink-orange and legumes.Vitamins are critical to our efficient physiologic buttes they are organic compounds that are important in the health of our go dones and clappers. They also boost the immune dodging enabling us to avoid illness and disease. They also have a beneficial load on vision and efficacy of logical argument. Vitamins do not have any energy of any calorific value they do however have a vital part to trifle in how the body uses lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. The body only involve small amounts of vitamins (and minerals) and are de followd as micronutrients. Their efficientness are easily reduce by exposure to ligh t, heat, air and over-cooking. They are undo in an alkaline surround. Vitamins are grouped by their ability to be water soluble or fat soluble, this trait determines how they are transported, absorbed and stored in our bodies. Most vitamins cannot be produced by the body and thusly need to be taken in our diet. Water and fat soluble vitamins are found in many varied foods. A normal matchd diet will provide all the vitamins needed by the body.Minerals do not contain carbon and are referred to as inorganic substances. Important minerals to health are iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, yard and sodium. They differ from vitamins and macronutrients in that digestion does not degrade or break them down nor are they destroyed by heat or light. Independent of their environment minerals maintain their structure, for ensample the calcium in milk is the same calcium in our get ups and the sodium in household salt is the same sodium in our cells. Physiologically minerals are vital to many f unctions including the regulation of bodily fluids and the drudgery of energy, they are essential in maintaining healthy course and bones. They aid metabolic process by riding the body of harmful by-products. They are ordered by the bodys need for them in our diet, and how much of them are found in the body. They are ordered into dickens categories, Major Minerals and Trace Minerals. Those minerals that our bodys need to consume a minimum of 100 mg per day are termed Major Minerals and are found in the body in amounts of 5000 mg or more. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus play a critical character reference in bone maintenance. Energy production is enhanced by magnesium and calcium boosts muscle efficiency. Chloride, potassium and sodium help in fluid balance, sulphur is seen as an active constituent of certain vitamins and amino acids. Major mineral sources are numerous and include meat, fresh growth, dairy farm produce and nuts. Chromium, fluoride, iodine, selenium, magnesium , copper, zinc and iron are main trace minerals. They are called trace minerals be cook the body needs 100mg or less per day. Iron is deemed to be important in keeping blood healthy enhancing the amount of oxygen transported round the body. Reproductive health and cell growth and development are maintained by zinc whilst selenium, copper and magnesium are antioxidants concealling free radicals. Iodine is effective in the production of hormones which regulate body temperature as well as metabolic rate and growth. Fluoride fights tooth decay and helps strengthen bones and the body needs chromium for the correct metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. Trace mineral sources are in the main the same as major minerals.Water which plays a key role in our health is an inorganic substance providing support to all variety meat of the body enabling then to function correctly. It is consumed in various forms much(prenominal) as pure water, soup, juices, imbibes and other liquids. It is also present in fruit and vegetables. Water intake must be adequate to maintain the balance of fluid in and out of our cells, helping the function healthy body temperature, muscle efficiency, nerve impulses, transport of nutrients and elimination of waste products.The chemical process and reaction and the physiological progressions in the body are hugely complex. They are all influenced and kept in harmony by all half dozen of the above nutrients. This harmony is called homeostatis. Blood pressure and blood sugar level and hundreds of other conside symmetryns are kept in balance and constancy.The nutrients provide the terminuss that payoff in homeostatis, water controlling body temperature by sw take when the body is hot. Proteins and lipids regulate the hormones which start and better various body functions. Vitamins, proteins and minerals control chemical actions throughout the body. This balance, this equilibrium this harmony this homeostatis is health, any inability of the body to control imbalance, inequality or disharmony, is illness.(Thompson JL, Manore MM, Vaughan LA, 2008)Effects of glucose on the chiefThe mitochondrial area of the sense is the engine room where intellect power is centered. This brainpower power is fuelled by glucose which is supplied to the brain in the bloodstream. The brain cells needs a steady sum up of glucose, the brain cannot store the glucose so an adequate supply is vital to the functioning of the brain, learning, concentrating and memory. The body obtains glucose from carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables, grains and legumes. (Very few animal foods are a source of carbohydrate, dairy products being the exception. Over supply of carbohydrates or sugar can restrict the brains use of glucose, departing in a degraded brain function, although the brain activity needs a lot of energy.(http//www.fi.edu/learn/brain/carbs.html)Effects of a high protein dietGenerally a high protein diet isnt harmful in the short term, up to four months at closely, and can be effective in losing weight. However in the long term and in conjunction with a decrease or elimination of carbohydrates can leave in various health difficultiesNutritional Deficiency. A overleap of fibre can result in constipation even diverticulitis and cancers pith Disease. A diet rich in protein, red meat and dairy for example can increase the risk of heart disease.Kidney Problems. A protein only diet can aggravate kidney problems causing difficulty in the kidney touch on waste products of the metabolism of the protein.If a person wants to try to lose weight on a high protein low carbohydrate diet they should be advised to try it in the short term only, the protein chosen should be lean meat, fish, skinned chicken and low fat dairy production. Anyone with diabetes, liver-colored or kidney disease or on long term medical specialty should be advised against it and to at least speak to their doctor.(http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-protein-di ets/AN00847)cellular respiration is a metabolic reaction where cells convert nutrients into energy with waste being a by-product. These reactions can be catabolic (production of energy by breaking down nutrient molecules) or anabolic (the consumption of energy and building of molecules) Cellular respiration is an important way for a cell to acquire energy enabling cellular regeneration(Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky and Jackson, 2008)Definitions of calories and energyCalories soup up or energy can be measured in calories. The description of a calorie is the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1o C the converse is of passage also true, a calorie is is the amount of heat 1g of water releases when it cools by 1o C. (Campbell, et al 2008). It is as well to note that the calories on food labels are in fact kilocalories.The joule (J) is also a unit of energy, with one joule being equal to 0.239 calories. ane calorie is equal to 4.184 jo ules.EnergyThe definition of energy is that ability or capacity to alter things, particularly to do work against a immune force. (Campbell et al, 2008)The statement calorie free energy drink is a contradiction in terms in terms in that anything that has energy must have calories and of course vice versa. The label is therefore totally misleading(Campbell et al 2008) incision 2 Metabolism and DetoxDefinitions of ObesityThe medical definition of obesity is having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. BMI is the ratio between height and weight and although it is widely used it is at beat a rule of thumb In Scotland BMI is the guide used in primary care to say if a patient is obese or not. Its use has been criticised as being inaccurate and that other techniques give more useful indications of obesityBody fat measurement using callipers cannon hip ratioBioelectrical impedanceWrist measurementWater translationThe problem with these techniques is that they can be cumber about, time consuming and expensive, whereas BMI can be read from a simple table.Overnourishment, overeating, consuming more food than the body needs for normal activity are the main executes of obesity but genes, physical activity and environment have a part to play as well.(Thomson JL et al 2008) muckle Point TheoryThe theory of Set Point intimates that a persons weight is restricted within confines pre-determined by the body. When a persons weight fluctuates, up or down, the body automatically compensates physiologically by altering the Basal Metabolic Rate (basal metabolic rate). It appears that this is all part of the bodys blueprint/DNA in the maintenance of homeostatis. This goes to explain why dieters routinely fail to keep any weight loss after they stop dieting.Yes, if toxins are present in the bloodstream they can have a direct influence on where the set point is set. Metabolism and body size are related. Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to body mass. Homeostatis is also propo rtional to body mass, the larger the mass the wider the parameter that homeostatis kit and caboodle within.(Campbell, et al, 2008)Changes to metabolismMetabolism is all the bodys chemical reactions, which have both anabolic and catabolic pathways, they husband the energy and material assets of the body.The conversion of food and drink into energy by the body is a function of metabolism. This complicated chemical process, the calories in the food and drink combine with oxygen to provide the body with the energy it needs. Even when the body is inactive the body stills consumes energy maintaining those willing functions such as, repairing cells, blood circulation, hormone production, body growth and breathing. The body therefore needs a certain number of calories is carry out these functions and is called the primary metabolic rate (BMR). Age, gender and body mass determine an individuals BMRAge. As the body ages, muscle mass decreases and fat becomes a higher component of body weig ht. This slows down calorific expenditure.Gender. Males generally have less body fat than females, muscle is greater in men than women as well.Body Mass. The larger the body mass, then the greater the calorific burn.Generally, if more calories are consumed than expended then the body will store the excess and result in weight gain. Of course set point theory, an individuals metabolism and predisposition to weight gain or loss comes into play. Energy needs for the bodys basic functions stay fairly consistent and arent easily changed. The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75 per cent of the calories that are burnt all day.(Grosvenor MB, Smolin LA, 2006)Effect of muscle growth on metabolismYes, increasing muscles increases the bodys resting metabolism, which in turn consumes more calories. The larger the muscle the more cells, the more cells the more energy required. Muscle mass is increased by strength raising(Campbell, et al, 2008DiurecticsA diurectic is a drug that in creases the excretion of accumulated water in the body. This can be beneficial in the treatment of certain illnesses, but can also have serious side effects. The diurectic effect of drugs and some herbal remedies can have a superficial effect on weight loss, as the body is predominately made of water any reduction gives an immediate loss in body weight. The serious side effect on the homeostatic fluid balance in the body, causing the kidneys to filter out more water out of the blood resulting in dehydration and potassium loss, muscle pain, stomach ulcers, impotence and painful enlargement of the breast in men.(Campbell, et al, 2008)How toxins are cleansed from the bodyThe body uses major carcasss to cleanse the body of toxins they are the sweat glands, the digestive brass, the urinary system and the liver. These systems remove more toxins than all other systems put together. Keeping these systems in good order (water is vital to them all) enables the body to prevent disease and i llness.In this modern age we are all more and more at risk from the thousands of toxins in our environment ranging from, cleaning agents, pesticides, car exhausts, pollutants in the air we breathe and poisonous compounds in everyday objects and materials. They are all chemically different, some are more toxic to the body than others, they can be breathed in, ingested, absorbed through the skin or cuts and abrasions they have even been shown to cross umbilical turning point and enter the unborn childToxic contamination can cause the production of body fat in the body, this is because the body tries to counteract the toxic substances by cleaning them from the organs of the body and storing them in the safer area of body fat, another example homeostatis.(Thomson JL et al 2008)Types of body image issuesMitchel is at risk of developing a body image problem, mainly by mates pressure and he should take seriously the advice given. Body image problems can lead to eating disorders with cal amitous results, the two most common eating disorders areAnorexia nervosa. The refusal or physiological inability to sustain body weight.bulimia nervosa. Binge eating then vomiting, purging or overuse of laxatives.(Thomson JL et al 2008)Hormones and HomeostatisSugarSugar is one of the most common foods, it is also a simple carbohydrate, meaning that the body can process it very quickly into energy. Complex carbohydrates are slower to release the glucose our body uses for energy. When we eat sugar our blood sugar levels increase and we get an energy boost. Sugar is derived from carbohydrates.(Youngson R 2000)Types of blood sugar diseasesBlood transports sugar round the body to where it is required. The endocrine system controls hormone levels in the body these hormones affect many different functions in the body but as far as blood sugar levels are concerned, when blood sugar levels rise the endocrine system stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin which reduces the sugar level to normal. Diabetes is caused when the pancreas cannot produce insulin resulting in blood sugar levels being unregulated. Consequently, the absence of insulin, muscle protein cannot be utilised resulting in muscle wastage, also sugar accumulates in the blood and the kidneys have to process it and excrete it, the sweet smell of a diabetics urine is a result of this, for the kidneys to excrete the sugar it needs large amounts of water, which give rise to two of the symptoms of diabetes, raging thirst and excessive urination.Hypoglycaemia is a medical condition indicated by lower than normal blood sugar levels, one of the most serious implications of hypoglycaemia is less than adequate supply of glucose to the brain which impairs body function, from feeling unwell to seizures, unconsciousness and even brain damage. The ravages of too much or too little sugar in the blood can be very serious therefore the body and its endocrine system are mechanisms to keep the body homeostatic, in balance , in kilter. Hypoglycaemia is most often a result of diabetic treatment going wrong. breathing in of carbohydrates/sugar will raise the blood sugar level.(Youngson R 2000)Types of hormonesThe hormonal glands in the body regulate appetite, these glands produce several appetite regulate hormonesGherlin is a hormone which stimulates the appetite, whilst PYY another hormone in the digestive system, signals the brain when the body has had enough to eat, similarly, another hormone leptin, regulates appetite by causing the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. Leptin may also trigger the body to burn stored fat. interrogation is still on-going but who knows, maybe one day these hormones could be used in the treatment of obesity.(Wadden TA and Stunkard AJ, 2002)Effect of restricting carbohydratesA diet restricting carbohydrates will reduce blood sugar level step-down the supply of glucose to the brain, which cannot store glucose, this sugar is used in by the brain in cell management. A sca rcity of glucose to the brain would certainly cause headaches fatigue, the bodys homeostatic function may well cause carbohydrate cravings.(Youngson R 2000)